# QEMU Monitor

The QEMU monitor is used to give complex commands to the QEMU emulator. You can use it to:

- Remove or insert removable media images (such as CD-ROM or floppies).

- Freeze/unfreeze the Virtual Machine (VM) and save or restore its state from a disk file.

- Inspect the VM state without an external debugger.

## Commands

The following commands are available:

`help` or `?` [cmd]

  Show the help for all commands or just for command cmd.

`commit`

  Commit changes to the disk images (if -snapshot is used) or backing files. If the backing file is smaller than the snapshot, then the backing file will be resized to be the same size as the snapshot. If the snapshot is smaller than the backing file, the backing file will not be truncated. If you want the backing file to match the size of the smaller snapshot, you can safely truncate it yourself once the commit operation successfully completes.

`quit` or `q`

  Quit the emulator.

`exit_preconfig`

  This command makes QEMU exit the preconfig state and proceed with VM initialization using configuration data provided on the command line and via the QMP monitor during the preconfig state. The command is only available during the preconfig state (i.e. when the –preconfig command line option was in use).

`block_resize`

  Resize a block image while a guest is running. Usually requires guest action to see the updated size. Resize to a lower size is supported, but should be used with extreme caution. Note that this command only resizes image files, it can not resize block devices like LVM volumes.

`block_stream`

  Copy data from a backing file into a block device.

`block_job_set_speed`

  Set maximum speed for a background block operation.

`block_job_cancel`

  Stop an active background block operation (streaming, mirroring).

`block_job_complete`

  Manually trigger completion of an active background block operation. For mirroring, this will switch the device to the destination path.

`block_job_pause`

  Pause an active block streaming operation.

`block_job_resume`

  Resume a paused block streaming operation.

`eject [-f]` device

  Eject a removable medium (use -f to force it).

`drive_del` device

  Remove host block device. The result is that guest generated IO is no longer submitted against the host device underlying the disk. Once a drive has been deleted, the QEMU Block layer returns -EIO which results in IO errors in the guest for applications that are reading/writing to the device. These errors are always reported to the guest, regardless of the drive’s error actions (drive options rerror, werror).

`change` device setting

  Change the configuration of a device.

  `change` diskdevice [-f] filename [format [read-only-mode]]

    Change the medium for a removable disk device to point to filename. eg:

        (qemu) change ide1-cd0 /path/to/some.iso

    `-f`

      forces the operation even if the guest has locked the tray.

    format is optional.

    read-only-mode may be used to change the read-only status of the device. It accepts the following values:

    retain

      Retains the current status; this is the default.

    read-only

      Makes the device read-only.

    read-write

      Makes the device writable.

  `change vnc password` [password]

  > Change the password associated with the VNC server. If the new password is not supplied, the monitor will prompt for it to be entered. VNC passwords are only significant up to 8 letters. eg:

  >     (qemu) change vnc password
  >     Password: ********

`screendump` filename

  Save screen into PPM image filename.

`logfile` filename

  Output logs to filename.

`trace-event`

  changes status of a trace event

`trace-file on|off|flush`

  Open, close, or flush the trace file. If no argument is given, the status of the trace file is displayed.

`log` item1[,…]

  Activate logging of the specified items.

`savevm` tag

  Create a snapshot of the whole virtual machine. If tag is provided, it is used as human readable identifier. If there is already a snapshot with the same tag, it is replaced. More info at VM snapshots.

  Since 4.0, savevm stopped allowing the snapshot id to be set, accepting only tag as parameter.

`loadvm` tag

  Set the whole virtual machine to the snapshot identified by the tag tag.

  Since 4.0, loadvm stopped accepting snapshot id as parameter.

`delvm` tag

  Delete the snapshot identified by tag.

  Since 4.0, delvm stopped deleting snapshots by snapshot id, accepting only tag as parameter.

`one-insn-per-tb [off]`

  Run the emulation with one guest instruction per translation block. This slows down emulation a lot, but can be useful in some situations, such as when trying to analyse the logs produced by the `-d` option. This only has an effect when using TCG, not with KVM or other accelerators.

  If called with option off, the emulation returns to normal mode.

`stop` or `s`

  Stop emulation.

`cont` or `c`

  Resume emulation.

`system_wakeup`

  Wakeup guest from suspend.

`gdbserver` [port]

  Start gdbserver session (default port=1234)

`x/`fmt addr

  Virtual memory dump starting at addr.

`xp /`fmt addr

  Physical memory dump starting at addr.

  fmt is a format which tells the command how to format the data. Its syntax is: `/{count}{format}{size}`

  count

    is the number of items to be dumped.

  format

    can be x (hex), d (signed decimal), u (unsigned decimal), o (octal), c (char) or i (asm instruction).

  size

    can be b (8 bits), h (16 bits), w (32 bits) or g (64 bits). On x86, `h` or `w` can be specified with the `i` format to respectively select 16 or 32 bit code instruction size.

  Examples:

  Dump 10 instructions at the current instruction pointer:

      (qemu) x/10i $eip
      0x90107063:  ret
      0x90107064:  sti
      0x90107065:  lea    0x0(%esi,1),%esi
      0x90107069:  lea    0x0(%edi,1),%edi
      0x90107070:  ret
      0x90107071:  jmp    0x90107080
      0x90107073:  nop
      0x90107074:  nop
      0x90107075:  nop
      0x90107076:  nop

  Dump 80 16 bit values at the start of the video memory:

      (qemu) xp/80hx 0xb8000
      0x000b8000: 0x0b50 0x0b6c 0x0b65 0x0b78 0x0b38 0x0b36 0x0b2f 0x0b42
      0x000b8010: 0x0b6f 0x0b63 0x0b68 0x0b73 0x0b20 0x0b56 0x0b47 0x0b41
      0x000b8020: 0x0b42 0x0b69 0x0b6f 0x0b73 0x0b20 0x0b63 0x0b75 0x0b72
      0x000b8030: 0x0b72 0x0b65 0x0b6e 0x0b74 0x0b2d 0x0b63 0x0b76 0x0b73
      0x000b8040: 0x0b20 0x0b30 0x0b35 0x0b20 0x0b4e 0x0b6f 0x0b76 0x0b20
      0x000b8050: 0x0b32 0x0b30 0x0b30 0x0b33 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720
      0x000b8060: 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720
      0x000b8070: 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720
      0x000b8080: 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720
      0x000b8090: 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720

`gpa2hva` addr

  Print the host virtual address at which the guest’s physical address addr is mapped.

`gpa2hpa` addr

  Print the host physical address at which the guest’s physical address addr is mapped.

`gva2gpa` addr

  Print the guest physical address at which the guest’s virtual address addr is mapped based on the mapping for the current CPU.

`print` or `p/`fmt expr

  Print expression value. Only the format part of fmt is used.

`i/`fmt addr [.index]

  Read I/O port.

`o/`fmt addr val

  Write to I/O port.

`sendkey` keys

  Send keys to the guest. keys could be the name of the key or the raw value in hexadecimal format. Use `-` to press several keys simultaneously. Example:

      sendkey ctrl-alt-f1

  This command is useful to send keys that your graphical user interface intercepts at low level, such as `ctrl-alt-f1` in X Window.

`sync-profile [on|off|reset]`

  Enable, disable or reset synchronization profiling. With no arguments, prints whether profiling is on or off.

`system_reset`

  Reset the system.

`system_powerdown`

  Power down the system (if supported).

`sum` addr size

  Compute the checksum of a memory region.

`device_add` config

  Add device.

`device_del` id

  Remove device id. id may be a short ID or a QOM object path.

`cpu` index

  Set the default CPU.

`mouse_move` dx dy [dz]

  Move the active mouse to the specified coordinates dx dy with optional scroll axis dz.

`mouse_button` val

  Change the active mouse button state val (1=L, 2=M, 4=R).

`mouse_set` index

  Set which mouse device receives events at given index, index can be obtained with:

      info mice

`wavcapture` filename audiodev [frequency [bits [channels]]]

  Capture audio into filename from audiodev, using sample rate frequency bits per sample bits and number of channels channels.

  Defaults:

  - Sample rate = 44100 Hz - CD quality

  - Bits = 16

  - Number of channels = 2 - Stereo

`stopcapture` index

  Stop capture with a given index, index can be obtained with:

      info capture

`memsave` addr size file

  save to disk virtual memory dump starting at addr of size size.

`pmemsave` addr size file

  save to disk physical memory dump starting at addr of size size.

`boot_set` bootdevicelist

  Define new values for the boot device list. Those values will override the values specified on the command line through the `-boot` option.

  The values that can be specified here depend on the machine type, but are the same that can be specified in the `-boot` command line option.

`nmi` cpu

  Inject an NMI on the default CPU (x86/s390) or all CPUs (ppc64).

`ringbuf_write` device data

  Write data to ring buffer character device device. data must be a UTF-8 string.

`ringbuf_read` device

  Read and print up to size bytes from ring buffer character device device. Certain non-printable characters are printed `\uXXXX`, where `XXXX` is the character code in hexadecimal. Character `\` is printed `\\`. Bug: can screw up when the buffer contains invalid UTF-8 sequences, NUL characters, after the ring buffer lost data, and when reading stops because the size limit is reached.

`announce_self`

  Trigger a round of GARP/RARP broadcasts; this is useful for explicitly updating the network infrastructure after a reconfiguration or some forms of migration. The timings of the round are set by the migration announce parameters. An optional comma separated interfaces list restricts the announce to the named set of interfaces. An optional id can be used to start a separate announce timer and to change the parameters of it later.

`migrate [-d] [-r]` uri

  Migrate the VM to uri.

  `-d`

    Start the migration process, but do not wait for its completion. To query an ongoing migration process, use “info migrate”.

  `-r`

    Resume a paused postcopy migration.

`migrate_cancel`

  Cancel the current VM migration.

`migrate_continue` state

  Continue migration from the paused state state

`migrate_incoming` uri

  Continue an incoming migration using the uri (that has the same syntax as the `-incoming` option).

`migrate_recover` uri

  Continue a paused incoming postcopy migration using the uri.

`migrate_pause`

  Pause an ongoing migration. Currently it only supports postcopy.

`migrate_set_capability` capability state

  Enable/Disable the usage of a capability capability for migration.

`migrate_set_parameter` parameter value

  Set the parameter parameter for migration.

`migrate_start_postcopy`

  Switch in-progress migration to postcopy mode. Ignored after the end of migration (or once already in postcopy).

`x_colo_lost_heartbeat`

  Tell COLO that heartbeat is lost, a failover or takeover is needed.

`client_migrate_info` protocol hostname port tls-port cert-subject

  Set migration information for remote display. This makes the server ask the client to automatically reconnect using the new parameters once migration finished successfully. Only implemented for SPICE.

`dump-guest-memory [-p]` filename begin length

`dump-guest-memory [-z|-l|-s|-w]` filename

  Dump guest memory to protocol. The file can be processed with crash or gdb. Without `-z|-l|-s|-w`, the dump format is ELF.

  `-p`

    do paging to get guest’s memory mapping.

  `-z`

    dump in kdump-compressed format, with zlib compression.

  `-l`

    dump in kdump-compressed format, with lzo compression.

  `-s`

    dump in kdump-compressed format, with snappy compression.

  `-R`

    when using kdump (-z, -l, -s), use raw rather than makedumpfile-flattened format

  `-w`

    dump in Windows crashdump format (can be used instead of ELF-dump converting), for Windows x64 guests with vmcoreinfo driver only

  filename

    dump file name.

  begin

    the starting physical address. It’s optional, and should be specified together with length.

  length

    the memory size, in bytes. It’s optional, and should be specified together with begin.

`dump-skeys` filename

  Save guest storage keys to a file.

`migration_mode` mode

  Enables or disables migration mode.

`snapshot_blkdev`

  Snapshot device, using snapshot file as target if provided

`snapshot_blkdev_internal`

  Take an internal snapshot on device if it support

`snapshot_delete_blkdev_internal`

  Delete an internal snapshot on device if it support

`drive_mirror`

  Start mirroring a block device’s writes to a new destination, using the specified target.

`drive_backup`

  Start a point-in-time copy of a block device to a specified target.

`drive_add`

  Add drive to PCI storage controller.

`pcie_aer_inject_error`

  Inject PCIe AER error

`netdev_add`

  Add host network device.

`netdev_del`

  Remove host network device.

`object_add`

  Create QOM object.

`object_del`

  Destroy QOM object.

`hostfwd_add`

  Redirect TCP or UDP connections from host to guest (requires -net user).

`hostfwd_remove`

  Remove host-to-guest TCP or UDP redirection.

`balloon` value

  Request VM to change its memory allocation to value (in MB).

`set_link` name `[on|off]`

  Switch link name on (i.e. up) or off (i.e. down).

`watchdog_action`

  Change watchdog action.

`nbd_server_start` host:port

  Start an NBD server on the given host and/or port. If the `-a` option is included, all of the virtual machine’s block devices that have an inserted media on them are automatically exported; in this case, the `-w` option makes the devices writable too.

`nbd_server_add` device [ name ]

  Export a block device through QEMU’s NBD server, which must be started beforehand with `nbd_server_start`. The `-w` option makes the exported device writable too. The export name is controlled by name, defaulting to device.

`nbd_server_remove [-f]` name

  Stop exporting a block device through QEMU’s NBD server, which was previously started with `nbd_server_add`. The `-f` option forces the server to drop the export immediately even if clients are connected; otherwise the command fails unless there are no clients.

`nbd_server_stop`

  Stop the QEMU embedded NBD server.

`mce` cpu bank status mcgstatus addr misc

  Inject an MCE on the given CPU (x86 only).

`getfd` fdname

  If a file descriptor is passed alongside this command using the SCM_RIGHTS mechanism on unix sockets, it is stored using the name fdname for later use by other monitor commands.

`closefd` fdname

  Close the file descriptor previously assigned to fdname using the `getfd` command. This is only needed if the file descriptor was never used by another monitor command.

`block_set_io_throttle` device bps bps_rd bps_wr iops iops_rd iops_wr

  Change I/O throttle limits for a block drive to bps bps_rd bps_wr iops iops_rd iops_wr. device can be a block device name, a qdev ID or a QOM path.

`set_password [ vnc | spice ] password [ -d display ] [ action-if-connected ]`

  Change spice/vnc password. display can be used with ‘vnc’ to specify which display to set the password on. action-if-connected specifies what should happen in case a connection is established: fail makes the password change fail. disconnect changes the password and disconnects the client. keep changes the password and keeps the connection up. keep is the default.

`expire_password [ vnc | spice ] expire-time [ -d display ]`

  Specify when a password for spice/vnc becomes invalid. display behaves the same as in `set_password`. expire-time accepts:

  `now`

    Invalidate password instantly.

  `never`

    Password stays valid forever.

  `+`nsec

    Password stays valid for nsec seconds starting now.

  nsec

    Password is invalidated at the given time. nsec are the seconds passed since 1970, i.e. unix epoch.

`chardev-add` args

  chardev-add accepts the same parameters as the -chardev command line switch.

`chardev-change` args

  chardev-change accepts existing chardev id and then the same arguments as the -chardev command line switch (except for “id”).

`chardev-remove` id

  Removes the chardev id.

`chardev-send-break` id

  Send a break on the chardev id.

`qemu-io` device command

  Executes a qemu-io command on the given block device.

`qom-list` [path]

  Print QOM properties of object at location path

`qom-get` path property

  Print QOM property property of object at location path

`qom-set` path property value

  Set QOM property property of object at location path to value value

`replay_break` icount

  Set replay breakpoint at instruction count icount. Execution stops when the specified instruction is reached. There can be at most one breakpoint. When breakpoint is set, any prior one is removed. The breakpoint may be set only in replay mode and only “in the future”, i.e. at instruction counts greater than the current one. The current instruction count can be observed with `info replay`.

`replay_delete_break`

  Remove replay breakpoint which was previously set with `replay_break`. The command is ignored when there are no replay breakpoints.

`replay_seek` icount

  Automatically proceed to the instruction count icount, when replaying the execution. The command automatically loads nearest snapshot and replays the execution to find the desired instruction. When there is no preceding snapshot or the execution is not replayed, then the command fails. icount for the reference may be observed with `info replay` command.

`calc_dirty_rate` second

  Start a round of dirty rate measurement with the period specified in second. The result of the dirty rate measurement may be observed with `info dirty_rate` command.

`set_vcpu_dirty_limit`

  Set dirty page rate limit on virtual CPU, the information about all the virtual CPU dirty limit status can be observed with `info vcpu_dirty_limit` command.

`cancel_vcpu_dirty_limit`

  Cancel dirty page rate limit on virtual CPU, the information about all the virtual CPU dirty limit status can be observed with `info vcpu_dirty_limit` command.

`dumpdtb` filename

  Dump the FDT in dtb format to filename.

`xen-event-inject` port

  Notify guest via event channel on port port.

`xen-event-list`

  List event channels in the guest

`info` subcommand

  Show various information about the system state.

  `info version`

    Show the version of QEMU.

  `info network`

    Show the network state.

  `info chardev`

    Show the character devices.

  `info block`

    Show info of one block device or all block devices.

  `info blockstats`

    Show block device statistics.

  `info block-jobs`

    Show progress of ongoing block device operations.

  `info registers`

    Show the cpu registers.

  `info lapic`

    Show local APIC state

  `info cpus`

    Show infos for each CPU.

  `info history`

    Show the command line history.

  `info irq`

    Show the interrupts statistics (if available).

  `info pic`

    Show PIC state.

  `info pci`

    Show PCI information.

  `info tlb`

    Show virtual to physical memory mappings.

  `info mem`

    Show the active virtual memory mappings.

  `info mtree`

    Show memory tree.

  `info jit`

    Show dynamic compiler info.

  `info accel`

    Show accelerator info.

  `info sync-profile [-m|-n]` [max]

    Show synchronization profiling info, up to max entries (default: 10), sorted by total wait time.

    `-m`

      sort by mean wait time

    `-n`

      do not coalesce objects with the same call site

    When different objects that share the same call site are coalesced, the “Object” field shows—enclosed in brackets—the number of objects being coalesced.

  `info kvm`

    Show KVM information.

  `info numa`

    Show NUMA information.

  `info usb`

    Show guest USB devices.

  `info usbhost`

    Show host USB devices.

  `info capture`

    Show capture information.

  `info snapshots`

    Show the currently saved VM snapshots.

  `info status`

    Show the current VM status (running|paused).

  `info mice`

    Show which guest mouse is receiving events.

  `info vnc`

    Show the vnc server status.

  `info spice`

    Show the spice server status.

  `info name`

    Show the current VM name.

  `info uuid`

    Show the current VM UUID.

  `info usernet`

    Show user network stack connection states.

  `info migrate`

    Show migration status.

  `info migrate_capabilities`

    Show current migration capabilities.

  `info migrate_parameters`

    Show current migration parameters.

  `info balloon`

    Show balloon information.

  `info qtree`

    Show device tree.

  `info qdm`

    Show qdev device model list.

  `info qom-tree`

    Show QOM composition tree.

  `info roms`

    Show roms.

  `info trace-events`

    Show available trace-events & their state.

  `info tpm`

    Show the TPM device.

  `info memdev`

    Show memory backends

  `info memory-devices`

    Show memory devices.

  `info iothreads`

    Show iothread’s identifiers.

  `info rocker` name

    Show rocker switch.

  `info rocker-ports` name-ports

    Show rocker ports.

  `info rocker-of-dpa-flows` name [tbl_id]

    Show rocker OF-DPA flow tables.

  `info rocker-of-dpa-groups` name [type]

    Show rocker OF-DPA groups.

  `info skeys` address

    Display the value of a storage key (s390 only)

  `info cmma` address

    Display the values of the CMMA storage attributes for a range of pages (s390 only)

  `info dump`

    Display the latest dump status.

  `info ramblock`

    Dump all the ramblocks of the system.

  `info hotpluggable-cpus`

    Show information about hotpluggable CPUs

  `info vm-generation-id`

    Show Virtual Machine Generation ID

  `info memory_size_summary`

    Display the amount of initially allocated and present hotpluggable (if enabled) memory in bytes.

  `info sev`

    Show SEV information.

  `info replay`

    Display the record/replay information: mode and the current icount.

  `info dirty_rate`

    Display the vcpu dirty rate information.

  `info vcpu_dirty_limit`

    Display the vcpu dirty page limit information.

  `info sgx`

    Show intel SGX information.

  `info via`

    Show guest mos6522 VIA devices.

  `info stats`

    Show runtime-collected statistics

  `info virtio`

    List all available virtio devices

  `info virtio-status` path

    Display status of a given virtio device

  `info virtio-queue-status` path queue

    Display status of a given virtio queue

  `info virtio-vhost-queue-status` path queue

    Display status of a given vhost queue

  `info virtio-queue-element` path queue [index]

    Display element of a given virtio queue

  `info cryptodev`

    Show the crypto devices.

## Integer expressions

The monitor understands integers expressions for every integer argument. You can use register names to get the value of specifics CPU registers by prefixing them with $.